Lets see how much info we can get on nepalese fruits...
I am sorry to take your minds away from love and other very important posts...:-)
this one is knowledge oriented...

I'll start with Jack fruit which one of my favorite, unripe as vegetable, ripe as sweet tasty fruit and even the seeds has its own use...

Jackfruit; Artocarpus heterophyllus; Rookh Katahar; रुख कटहर
The jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (syns. A. integrifolius Auct. NOT L. f.; A integrifolia L. f.; A. integra Merr.; Rademachia integra Thunb. ), of the family Moraceae, is also called jak-fruit, jak, jaca, and, in Malaysia and the Philippines, nangka; in Thailand, khanun; in Cambodia, khnor; in Laos, mak mi or may mi; in Vietnam, mit. It is an excellent example of a food prized in some areas of the world and allowed to go to waste in others. O.W. Barrett wrote in 1928: ";The jaks . . . are such large and interesting fruits and the trees so well-behaved that it is difficult to explain the general lack of knowledge concerning them.";
No one knows the jackfruit's place of origin but it is believed indigenous to the rainforests of the Western Ghats. It is cultivated at low elevations throughout India, Nepal, Burma, Ceylon, southern China, Malaya, and the East Indies. It is common in the Philippines, both cultivated and naturalized. It is grown to a limited extent in Queensland and Mauritius. In Africa, it is often planted in Kenya, Uganda and former Zanzibar. Though planted in Hawaii prior to 1888, it is still rare there and in other Pactfic islands, as it is in most of tropical America and the West Indies. It was introduced into northern Brazil in the mid-19th Century and is more popular there and in Surinam than elsewhere in the New World.
In South India, the jackfruit is a popular food ranking next to the mango and banana in total annual production. There are more than 100,000 trees in backyards and grown for shade in betelnut, coffee, pepper and cardamom plantations. The total area planted to jackfruit in all India is calculated at 14,826 acres (26,000 ha). Government horticulturists promote the planting of jackfruit trees along highways, waterways and railroads to add to the country's food supply.

Jack fruit is the world's largest tree borne fruit...Largest of all tree-borne fruits, the jackfruit may be 8 in to 3 ft (20-90 cm) long and 6 to 20 in (15-50 cm) wide, and the weight ranges from 10 to 60 or even as much as 110 lbs (4.5-20 or 50 kg).

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion
Pulp (ripe-fresh) Seeds (fresh) Seeds (dried)
Calories 98
Moisture 72.0-77.2 g 51.6-57.77 g
Protein 1.3-1.9 g 6.6 g
Fat 0.1-0.3 g 0.4 g
Carbohydrates 18.9-25.4 g 38.4 g
Fiber 1.0-1.1 g 1.5 g
Ash 0.8-1.0 g 1.25-1.50 g 2.96%
Calcium 22 mg 0.05-0.55 mg 0.13%
Phosphorus 38 mg 0.13-0.23 mg 0.54%
Iron 0.5 mg 0.002-1.2 mg 0.005%
Sodium 2 mg
Potassium 407 mg
Vitamin A 540 I.U.
Thiamine 0.03 mg
Niacin 4 mg
Ascorbic Acid 8-10 mg

The pulp constitutes 25-40% of the fruit's weight.
I'm pretty sure, many of us have actually seen the tree.
If you have any specific dishes made out of jackfruit, please share...
i'll add more nepalese fruit soon...

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Lapsi....
shiv, i know it is very hard to find info on lapsi as it is not abundant everywhere and has very limited but wonderful use.
who can forget Paaun or titaura...?

whoareyou, hog plum is different than lapsi. hog plum is Common name: Mombin, Hog Plum, Ciruela, Jocote,Botanical name: Spondias purpurea
Family: Anacardiaceae; Origin: Central America
Avg. Height X Width: 15' X 15';Varieties: Red and Yellow
Season: May to July; Damage temp: 27 F
Comments: The trees go dormant in the winter and drop all of their leaves. As spring begins to break the trees begin to flower, and the fruit follows in 45-60 days. The fruit and flower of the hog plum occur right on the branches as opposed to hanging from the tips. They are usually eaten as fresh fruit or pickled green and eaten in East Indian cooking.This is hog-plum...

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Lapsi or Choerospondias axillaris

here is a summary of article by...K. C. Paudel, K. Pieber, R. Klumpp and M. Laimer
Evaluation of Lapsi tree (Choerospondias axillaris, Roxb.) for fruit production in Nepal

Summary
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.), a large, deciduous, and dioecious sub tropical fruit tree has been recognised as a potential agroforestry tree for income generation for subsistence farmers in Nepal. The tree, locally called Lapsi, produces fruits with high vitamin C content, which are consumed fresh, pickled and processed for preparing varieties of sweet and sour, tasty food products that are marketed locally and have potentials for exporting.

With the objective to domesticate this tree for small holders benefit, the status of indigenous knowledge about cultivation, management and utilization, fruit processing and marketing as well as occurrence and distribution in Nepal were studied and presented. Based on farmers knowledge, varieties of Lapsi, their sex determination criteria and processing practices are identified and presented. A distribution map of Lapsi in Nepal was prepared from over 450,000 trees already growing in farms and community forests.

As first step towards domestication the identification, selection and evaluation of superior mother trees has been initiated and a Breeding Seed Orchard with 52 selected trees has been established to conserve the selected germplasm. Vegetative propagation methods for multiplying selected trees were studied using budding, grafting, hardwood and softwood cutting propagation and tissue culture. Among all techniques studied, chip budding during the first three weeks in February was most successful (up to 90%), followed by softwood (40%) and hardwood (7%) cutting propagation. Axenic cultures were established in vitro using DKV medium supplemented with 1mg/l of BAP and further multiplication of cultures under different culture conditions is currently being studied. Lapsi has been recognised as a potential agroforestry tree for domestication.
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i still remember throwing stones to get some lapsi in gorkha...
my shoulders sore for few days... as well as my teeth were aching after eating too many green lapsi.... he he

lapsiko geda (kernel)lai chyamkuti bhanchha, which kids use as marbles. i used to do that, too as a kid!

neupane, pls add info on pomegranate (anar), grapefruit (bhogate) and lemon (nibuwa) with citation of the source, of course. thanks.

Naspati=Asian/Sand Pear=नासपति=नासपाति
In nepal we call naspati to only Asian or Oriental or Sand pear... The green ones, we call Green Apples (हरियो स्याउ).
Remember green apples and naspati cut open with red chilli and salt??? of course u do, they are for sale on the streets... ;-)
From - http://www.applejournal.com/nepal001.htm
by Lok Nath Devkota - Chief, Fruit Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
There are two kinds of pears grown in Nepal. The oriental pear or sand pear locally known as Naspati or Pharping Naspati (Pyrus pyrifolia) is very popular as it needs low chilling hours (<1000); it is very well adapted to the warmer temperate region of Nepal.

Japanese cultivars including Shinsui, Shinko, Kosui, Hosui, Chojuro and Okusankichi were introduced into Nepal about 10 years ago under a Japanese Aid Horticulture project. These cultivars are successful under warm temperate conditions and fruit quality is excellent. These cultivars, however, require very careful management.

The European pears (P. communis) were introduced into Nepal many years ago. The better adapted popular cultivars of European pear are Bartlett, Quince, Anjou and Conference, which are also usually grown in cool temperate regions.

Rootstocks: A wild variety locally known as Mayal (P. pashia) is extensively used as a rootstock. Seedlings are raised from seed and grafting is done on them.

Production Areas: The pear is a very important deciduous fruit crop in Nepal. It is cultivated in both mid and high mountain areas of the whole country.
Suitable areas for production in nepal are Sankhuwasabha, Dhankuta, Sindhupalcowk, Rasuwa, Kavre, Nuwakot, Dhadding, Palpa, Baglung, Baitadi, Doti, Dharchula, Bajhang, Rolpa, Parbat, Gorkha, Makawanpur, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Sindhuli, Ramechhap, Bhojpur, Terathum and Illam

from - http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC1352.htm
Asian Pear

Asian pears are known by many names, including: Chinese, Japanese, Oriental, sand and apple pear. There is confusion with the name "apple pear," as it may lead people to believe that the Asian pear is a cross between apples and pears. Most cultivars of Asian pears do resemble apples in that they have fruit that are round and have a crunchy texture. The resemblance of these pears and apples, however, stops there.

There are also several differences between Asian pears and the more common European pear. Asian pears reach optimum quality when allowed to ripen on the tree, similar to apples and peaches. European pears are usually harvested in a green stage and allowed to ripen at room temperature. Asian pears will be crisp and juicy, with some tartness, especially near the core. European pears will be soft and juicy, with a sweeter, more mellow taste.

Many Asian pear cultivars are available. The Japanese cultivars tend to be more round in shape, while the Chinese cultivars are more oval or pyriform (pear-shaped). All Asian pear cultivars should be considered self-incompatible, which means you need to plant another Asian pear cultivar as a companion for pollination purposes. Several cultivars are cross-incompatible, meaning they will not pollinate each other. Be sure the cultivars you are planting will cross-pollinate and that their flowering periods overlap. Chinese cultivars generally bloom a week or more before Japanese cultivars and are best pollinated with a Chinese cultivar.
CULTURE

Plant Asian pears in deep, well-drained soils in a location as frost-free as possible. Avoid sites that are prone to late spring frosts, or provide frost protection where late frosts are likely. The chilling requirement of Asian pears is thought to be in the range of 900 to 1000 hours, although some studies show that certain cultivars may do well at less than this amount. The chilling requirement should not be a problem in most areas of South Carolina.

Plant trees at least 10 to 15 feet apart in either fall or early spring. Mature trees can reach heights of more than 20 feet. There does not appear to be any reason why Asian pears cannot be trained to a central leader system similar to European pear and apple trees. However, development of multiple secondary and tertiary scaffolds is important in preventing tree death from fire blight.

Pears do best in soils with a pH of 5.9 to 6.5. Have the soil tested before planting and follow the recommendations. Pear trees should be fertilized annually, using a split application. Apply a half to a third cup of 10-10-10 fertilizer per year of tree age with a maximum application of 8 cups per tree. Half of the amount should be applied before growth begins and the other after fruit set. Broadcast each application over an area that corresponds with the drip line of the tree. If fruit set is poor, do not apply the second half of the application. Too much nitrogen may encourage shoot infection by fire blight.

If the trees are heavily pruned, reduce the amount of fertilizer applied in relation to the severity of pruning. Heavily pruned trees most likely will not need fertilizer for a year or two. Also, if the pear trees make too much vegetative growth, reduce the rate of fertilization for the next year. Shoot growth on bearing pear trees should average 8 to 12 inches annually.
PRUNING

On young trees, a good portion of the fruit is borne at or near the tips of 1-year-old shoots. As the tree matures, most of the fruit is produced on the scaffold branches. These spurs have a productive life of about 10 years. Pruning should be done to remove about 10 percent of these terminal spurs every year.

Asian pears are often hand-thinned twice during the early growing season. The home grower may choose to thin only once. This should be done 14 to 40 days after petal fall. One fruitlet should be left on every other spur cluster or about 6 inches between fruits.

A limiting factor to good fruit production with Asian pears is that it sets too many fruit. Heavy fruit thinning is essential to encourage large fruit and prevent limb breakage. This should be done within six to eight weeks after flowering when the fruit is dime-sized.

For more information on pruning and training pear trees, refer to Pruning and Training Apple and Pear Trees, HGIC 1351.
PROBLEMS

Fire blight is the greatest problem limiting the production of Asian pears. It is important to select resistant varieties, adopt good sanitary measures and avoid excess nitrogen fertilization to help reduce this disease. Prune infected branches 18 inches below the affected area and burn or bury all infected material. Clean pruning tools between cuts with a dilute solution of household bleach (one part bleach to nine parts water). Remove blighted limbs during the dormant season. For more information on fire blight, refer to Fire Blight of Fruit Trees, HGIC 2208.

Another bacterial disease, Pseudomonas shoot blight, does occur in South Carolina and can be confused with fire blight. Similar control practices as with fire blight are recommended.

Several varieties of Asian pears are being evaluated for disease resistance in South Carolina, but data are incomplete. Those that show some fire blight resistance are Shinko (best), Shin Li and Seuri. Twentieth Century and Hosui are highly susceptible. Hosui is a pollinator for Shinko, however, and is therefore necessary.

Coddling moth and aphids are the most common insect problems in South Carolina.

NOTE: Chemical control of diseases and insects on large trees is usually not feasible since adequate coverage of the foliage with a pesticide cannot be achieved.

Excerpted from the South Carolina Master Gardener Training Manual, EC 678 and Asian Pears, Horticulture Leaflet 62, revised 1998.

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Orange=सुन्तला
Oranges are one of the most wide spread and popular fruits in the world.
Oranges belong to citrus family that include many including lemon, lime, tangerine...etc
In the US oranges are what we call ????
सुन्तला are called tangerine or tangelo...
Oranges are green before they ripen...

From - http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0781683.html
Did you know: citrus grew in Asia 20 million years ago?
citrus was first mentioned in literature in 2400 B.C.?
the first varieties of citrus were bitter and not edible?
each person in the U.S. eats about 12.5 lbs (5.6 kilos) of citrus per year!!!
citrus is the most widely grown crop in the world!
Brazil produces the largest amount of oranges and grapefruits in the world!
in Florida there are approximately 10.3 million citrus trees on 853,000 acres of land!
there is more fiber in an orange than in most other fruits and veggies!
Florida oranges may be greener than California oranges because the night temperatures in Florida are warmer, which causes more chlorophyll to migrate into the peel; they are still ripe and sweet though.
British sailors used to be called ?Limeys? because they ate citrus to prevent scurvy on long sea voyages.
if you plant a single seed from an orange you will probably get more than one plant growing from it.
immature growth on most citrus trees will have sharp thorns. These tend to break off as the wood gets older.
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from - http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH066
Sweet Orange1
Jeffrey G. Williamson and Larry K. Jackson2

History
The sweet orange was cultivated in China for many centuries before it was introduced into Europe, most likely during the early fifteenth century. Columbus is credited with bringing sweet orange seed to the New World during his second voyage in 1493 and reportedly established plantings of sweet orange and other citrus in Hispaniola. The first plantings of sweet orange in what is now the United States were established in Florida between 1513 and 1565 in and around the settlement of St. Augustine and along the St. Johns River. Assisted by Spanish explorers and Indians, sweet orange spread rapidly throughout Florida. A sweet orange industry emerged during the late eighteenth century and attained considerable status by the winter of 1894-95 when two severe freezes virtually eliminated it. Since that time, a number of additional freezes have gradually pushed the industry south.

Distribution
Sweet orange is grown throughout the world in tropical and subtropical climates with its range extending approximately 35-40 degrees either side of the equator. Although some sweet oranges are grown in tropical regions, most commercial acreage is located in subtropical and Mediterranean climates where higher quality fruit is attained. Sweet orange is currently grown throughout central and south Florida ( Figure 1 ).

Importance
Sweet orange is the most widely grown citrus fruit in Florida and the world. With over 444,000 bearing acres (about 180,000 hectares) in production and an estimated annual production value of over $850 million (1991-1992), Florida accounts for roughly 70 percent of U.S. sweet orange production. The importance of the sweet orange industry to Florida's agricultural economy is not likely to decline in the foreseeable future as vast expanses of south Florida continue to be developed for sweet orange production.

Description
Tree
Sweet orange trees are moderately large, often 22 to 30 feet (7 to 10 meters) in commercial orchards, larger if unpruned. Trees are erect as seedlings, globose and slightly spreading as budded or grafted plants. Branches are strong and usually do not require pruning except for tree size control.

Leaves
Sweet orange leaves are dark green and approximately 3 to 5 inches (8 to 13 cm) long. The leaf blade is pointed at the apex and rounded at the base with a narrowly winged petiole. Short spines are found in the axils of most leaves. The leaves are evergreen, persisting as long as two to three years.

Flowers
Sweet orange flowers are white and complete (contain all flower parts). Most cultivars (cultivated varieties) are self-pollinating because of the construction of the flower. However, bees assist the pollination process. Some cultivars have little or no viable pollen and/or few or no fertile ovules. Such fruit develop into seedless or near-seedless fruit.

Fruit
Botanically, the sweet orange fruit is a specialized berry known as a hesperidium. Fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load but is usually 2? to 4 inches (6 to 10 cm) in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel that is intermediate between grapefruit and tangerine in thickness. The peel is fairly smooth in some cultivars and somewhat rough, or pebbly, in others. Except for navel oranges, the peel adheres rather tightly to the flesh. Peel and flesh color are orange, but the intensity of color is a function of climate and cultivar. Low temperatures can intensify the orange and red colors of both peel and flesh.

Seeds
The number of seeds per fruit is variable. Some cultivars are considered seedless for commercial purposes, having only 0 to 6 seeds, while others may contain 15 to 20 seeds or more. Cultivars may be conveniently classified as "seedy or "seedless". The most important seedy cultivars include 'Parson Brown', 'Pineapple' and 'Queen'. Important seedless cultivars are 'Hamlin', 'Valencia' and the navel orange cultivars.

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POMEGRANATE=अनार


This article can be viewed at... -http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pomegranate.html
Punica granatum L.
Punicaceae
Common Names: Pomegranate, Granada (Spanish), Grenade (French).

Related Species: Punica proto-punica.

Origin: The pomegranate is native from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and was cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean region since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout India and the drier parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa. The tree was introduced into California by Spanish settlers in 1769. In this country it is grown for its fruits mainly in the drier parts of California and Arizona.

Adaptation: Pomegranates prefer a semi-arid mild-temperate to subtropical climate and are naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers. A humid climate adversely affects the formation of fruit. The tree can be severely injured by temperatures below 12? F. In the U. S. pomegranates can be grown outside as far north as southern Utah and Washington, D.C. but seldom set fruit in these areas. The tree adapts well to container culture and will sometimes fruit in a greenhouse.
DESCRIPTION
Growth Habits: The pomegranate is a neat, rounded shrub or small tree that can grow to 20 or 30 ft., but more typically to 12 to 16 ft. in height. Dwarf varieties are also known. It is usually deciduous, but in certain areas the leaves will persist on the tree. The trunk is covered by a red-brown bark which later becomes gray. The branches are stiff, angular and often spiny. There is a strong tendency to sucker from the base. Pomegranates are also long-lived. There are specimens in Europe that are known to be over 200 years of age. The vigor of a pomegranate declines after about 15 years, however.

Foliage: The pomegranate has glossy, leathery leaves that are narrow and lance-shaped.

Flowers: The attractive scarlet, white or variegated flowers are over an inch across and have 5 to 8 crumpled petals and a red, fleshy, tubular calyx which persists on the fruit. The flowers may be solitary or grouped in twos and threes at the ends of the branches. The pomegranate is self-pollinated as well as cross-pollinated by insects. Cross-pollination increases the fruit set. Wind pollination is insignificant.

Fruit: The nearly round, 2-1/2 to 5 in. wide fruit is crowned at the base by the prominent calyx. The tough, leathery skin or rind is typically yellow overlaid with light or deep pink or rich red. The interior is separated by membranous walls and white, spongy, bitter tissue into compartments packed with sacs filled with sweetly acid, juicy, red, pink or whitish pulp or aril. In each sac there is one angular, soft or hard seed. High temperatures are essential during the fruiting period to get the best flavor. The pomegranate may begin to bear in 1 year after planting out, but 2-1/2 to 3 years is more common. Under suitable conditions the fruit should mature some 5 to 7 months after bloom.
CULTURE
Location: Pomegranates should be placed in the sunniest, warmest part of the yard or orchard for the best fruit, although they will grow and flower in part shade. The attractive foliage, flowers and fruits of the pomegranate, as well as its smallish size make it a excellent landscaping plant.

Soil: The pomegranate does best in well-drained ordinary soil, but also thrives on calcareous or acidic loam as well as rock strewn gravel.

Irrigation: Once established, pomegranates can take considerable drought, but for good fruit production they must be irrigated. To establish new plants they should be watered every 2 to 4 weeks during the dry season. The plants are tolerant of moderately saline water and soil conditions.

Fertilizing: In the West, the trees are given 2 to 4-ounce applications of ammonium sulfate or other nitrogen fertilizer the first two springs. After that very little fertilizer is needed, although the plants respond to an annual mulch of rotted manure or other compost.

Pruning: Plants should be cut back when they are about 2 ft. high. From this point allow 4 or 5 shoots to develop, which should be evenly distributed around the stem to keep the plant well balanced. These should start about 1 ft. from the ground, giving a short but well-defined trunk. Any shoots which appear above or below should be removed as should any suckers. Since the fruits are borne only at the tips of new growth, it is recommended that for the first 3 years the branches be judiciously shortened annually to encourage the maximum number of new shoots on all sides, prevent straggly development and achieve a strong well framed plant. After the 3rd year, only suckers and dead branches are removed.

Propagation: The pomegranate can be raised from seed but may not come true. Cuttings root easily and plants from them bear fruit after about 3 years. Twelve to 20 inches long cuttings should be taken in winter from mature, one-year old wood. The leaves should be removed and the cuttings treated with rooting hormone and inserted about two-thirds their length into the soil or into some other warm rooting medium. Plants can also be air-layered but grafting is seldom successful.

Pests and Diseases: Pomegranates are relatively free of most pests and diseases. Minor problems are leaf and fruit spot and foliar damage by white flies, thrips, mealybugs and scale insects. The roots are seldom bothered by gophers but deer will browse on the foliage.

Harvest: The fruits are ripe when they have developed a distinctive color and make a metallic sound when tapped. The fruits must be picked before over maturity when they tend to crack open, particularly when rained on. The pomegranate is equal to the apple in having a long storage life. It is best maintained at a temperature of 32? to 41? F. and can be kept for a period of 7 months within this temperature range and at 80 to 85% relative humidity without shrinking or spoiling. The fruits improve in storage, becoming juicier and more flavorful.

The fruit can be eaten out of hand by deeply scoring several times vertically and then breaking it apart. The clusters of juice sacs are then lifted out and eaten. The sacs also make an attractive garnish when sprinkled on various dishes. Pomegranate fruits are most often consumed as juice and can be juiced is several ways. The sacs can be removed and put through a basket press or the juice can be extracted by reaming the halved fruits on an ordinary orange juice squeezer. Another approach starts with warming the fruit slightly and rolling it between the hands to soften the interior. A hole is then cut in the stem end which is placed on a glass to let the juice run out, squeezing the fruit from time to time to get all the juice. The juice can be used in a variety of of ways: as a fresh juice, to make jellies, sorbets or cold or hot sauces as well as to flavor cakes, baked apples, etc. Pomegranate syrup is sold commercially as grenadine. The juice can also be made into a wine.

Commercial Potential: The primary commercial growing regions of the world are the Near East, India and surrounding countries and southern Europe. In California commercial cultivation is centered in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Consumer demand in this country is not great. More pomegranate fruits probably wind up as decorations in fruit bowls than are consumed.

CULTIVARS
Balegal
Originated in San Diego, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, 3 inches in diameter. Somewhat larger than Fleshman. Skin pale pink, lighter then Fleshman. Flesh slightly darker than Fleshman, very sweet.
Cloud
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium-sized fruit with a green-red color. Juice sweet and white.
Crab
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Large fruit have red juice that is tart but with a rich flavor. A heavy bearing tree.
Early Wonderful
Large, deep-red, thin-skinned, delicious fruit. Ripens about 2 weeks ahead of Wonderful. Medium-sized bush with large, orange-red fertile flowers. Blooms late, very productive.
Fleshman
Originated in Fallbrook, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, about 3 inches in diameter, pink outside and in. Very sweet flavor, seeds relatively soft, quality very good.
Francis
Originated in Jamaica via Florida. Large, sweet, split-resistant fruit. Prolific producer.
Granada
Originated in Lindsay, Calif. Introduced in 1966. Bud mutation of Wonderful. Fruit resembles Wonderful, but displays a red crown while in the green state, darker red in color and less tart. Ripens one month earlier than Wonderful. Flowers also deeper red. Tree identical to Wonderful.
Green Globe
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large, sweet, aromatic, green-skinned fruit. Excellent quality.
Home
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. The fruit is variable yellow-red in color, with light pink juice that is sweet and of rich flavor. Some bitterness.
King
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium to large fruit, somewhat smaller than Balegal and Fleshman. Skin darker pink to red. Flavor very sweet. Has a tendency to split. Bush somewhat of a shy bearer.
Phoenicia (Fenecia)
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large fruit, 4-5 inches in diameter, mottled red-green skin. Flavor sweet, seeds relatively hard.
Sweet
Fruit is lighter in color than Wonderful, remains slightly greenish with a red blush when ripe. Pink juice, flavor much sweeter than other cultivars. Excellent in fruit punch. Trees highly ornamental, bears at an early age, productive.
Utah Sweet
Very sweet, good quality fruit. Pink skin and pulp. Seeds notably softer than those of Wonderful and other standard cultivars. Attractive pinkish-orange flowers.
Wonderful
Originated in Florida. First propagated in California in 1896. Large, deep purple-red fruit. Rind medium thick, tough. Flesh deep crimson in color, juicy and of a delicious vinous flavor. Seeds not very hard. Better for juicing than for eating out of hand. Plant is vigorous and productive. Leading commercial variety in California.

FURTHER READING

* Butterfield, Harry M. A History of Subtropical Fruits and Nuts in California. University of California, Agricultural Experiment Station. 1963.
* Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia: a Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990. pp. 166-167.
* Johns, Leslie and Violet Stevenson, Fruit for the Home and Garden. Angus and Robertson, 1985. pp. 215-218.
* Morton, Julia F. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resources Systems, Inc. 1987. pp. 352-355.
* Popenoe, Wilson. Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press. 1974. Facsimile of the 1920 edition. pp. 375-383.
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more facts: from -http://food.oregonstate.edu/a/pome.html for the following questions...
I'm so glad pomegranates are back in season. I love them! Are there health benefits from eating pomegranates, so I don't have to feel bad about spending money on them?
What is the botany of pomegranates?
What is the history of pomegranates?
What is the origin of the name pomegranate?
What is the best storage temperatures for pomegranates?
How can I determine the nutritive value or food composition of an ingredient or food?
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Normally considered patient's fruit in Nepal... due to heavy use with sick people...

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PUMMELO=भोगटे
Citrus maxima. The scientific name for grapefruit is Citrus paradisi. It is a very large, round to pear-shaped, yellowish orange fruit with very thick skin. The fruits are borne singly and can weigh up to 20 pounds. The round shaped tree grows 15-30 feet tall. It like grapefruit, is strictly a tropical plant. Some of the more common varieties of pummelo include: Chandler, Ichang, Red Shaddock, Reinking, and Webber. It is not popular with consumers due to the extremely thick rind.

article from - http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pummelo.html
Morton, J. 1987. Pummelo. p. 147?151. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.


This, the largest citrus fruit, is known in the western world mainly as the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. As a luscious food, it is famous in its own right in its homeland, the Far East.
Botanically it is identified as Citrus maxima Merr., (C. grandis Osbeck; C. decumana L.). The common name is derived from the Dutch pompelmoes, which is rendered pompelmus or pampelmus in German, pamplemousse in French. An alternate vernacular name, shaddock, now little used, was acquired on its entry into the Western Hemisphere as related below. The current Malayan names are limau abong, limau betawi, limau bali, limau besar, limau bol, limau jambua, Bali lemon, and pomelo.

Pummelos (Citrus maxima) vary in form, size, color and flavor of pulp.

Description
The pummelo tree may be 16 to 50 ft (5-15 m) tall, with a somewhat crooked trunk 4 to 12 in (10-30 cm) thick, and low, irregular branches. Some forms are distinctly dwarfed. The young branchlets are angular and often densely hairy, and there are usually spines on the branchlets, old limbs and trunk. Technically compound but appearing simple, having one leaflet, the leaves are alternate, ovate, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 2 to 8 in (5-20 cm) long, 3/4 to 4 3/4 in (2-12 cm) wide, leathery, dull-green, glossy above, dull and minutely hairy beneath; the petiole broadly winged to occasionally nearly wingless. The flowers are fragrant, borne singly or in clusters of 2 to 10 in the leaf axils, or sometimes 10 to 15 in terminal racemes 4 to 12 in (10-30 cm) long; rachis and calyx hairy; the 4 to 5 petals, yellowish-white, 3/5 to 1 1/3 in (1.5-3.5 cm) long, somewhat hairy on the outside and dotted with yellow-green glands; stamens white, prominent, in bundles of 4 to 5, anthers orange. The fruit ranges from nearly round to oblate or pear-shaped; 4 to 12 in (10-30 cm) wide; the peel, clinging or more or less easily removed, may be greenish-yellow or pale-yellow, minutely hairy, dotted with tiny green glands; 1/2 to 3/4 in (1.25-2 cm) thick, the albedo soft, white or pink; pulp varies from greenish-yellow or pale-yellow to pink or red; is divided into 11 to 18 segments, very juicy to fairly dry; the segments are easily skinned and the sacs may adhere to each other or be loosely joined; the flavor varies from mildly sweet and bland to subacid or rather acid, sometimes with a faint touch of bitterness. Generally, there are only a few, large, yellowish-white seeds, white inside; though some fruits may be quite seedy. A pummelo cross-pollinated by another pummelo is apt to have numerous seeds; if cross-pollinated by sweet orange or mandarin orange, the progeny will not be seedy.

Origin and Distribution

The pummelo is native to southeastern Asia and all of Malaysia; grows wild on river banks in the Fiji and Friendly Islands. It may have been introduced into China around 100 B.C. It is much cultivated in southern China (Kwang-tung, Kwangsi and Fukien Provinces) and especially in southern Thailand on the banks to the Tha Chine River; also in Taiwan and southernmost Japan, southern India, Malaya, Indonesia, New Guinea and Tahiti. The first seeds are believed to have been brought to the New World late in the 17th Century by a Captain Shaddock who stopped at Barbados on his way to England. By 1696, the fruit was being cultivated in Barbados and Jamaica. Dr. David Fairchild was enthusiastic about the first pummelo he tasted, aboard ship between Batavia and Singapore in 1899. In 1902, the United States Department of Agriculture obtained several plants from Thailand (S.P.I. Nos. 9017, 9018, 9019). Only one (No. 9017) survived and was planted in the agricultural greenhouse in Washington, and budwood from it was sent to Florida, California, Puerto Rico, Cuba (the Isle of Pines), and Trinidad. When the trees fruited, the flavor and general quality were inferior and aroused no enthusiasm. Other introductions were attempted in 1911 but all the plants died in transit. In 1913, a horticulturist of the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture was given the assignment of collecting the best types of pummelos in Thailand. He shipped to San Francisco one tree of a 'Bangkok' type that had been introduced into the Philippines in 1912; it was planted in the greenhouse of the Plant Introduction Garden at Chico. When it fruited several years later, the fruit was of such poor quality that it was considered useless. However, budwood was sent to Riverside and grafted onto two grapefruit trees growing on sour orange rootstock. One of the trees died but the other bore high-quality fruits which were much admired. Budwood was sent to different locations in Florida. In 1919, two trees of a superior pummelo (possibly 'Hao Phuang') from Thailand, which had been doing well in the Philippines, were shipped to the United States Quarantine Station in Bethesda, Maryland, and one of these survived. In addition, seeds from Thailand and from fruits in Chinese markets had been sent to Washington and seedlings were growing in greenhouses.
Climate
The pummelo is tropical or near-tropical and flourishes naturally at low altitudes close to the sea. It has never performed well in New Zealand because of insufficient heat. In the prime growing region of Bang Bakok in southern Thailand, the mean temperature is 82.4? F (28? C) and mean annual rainfall is 56 in (143 cm), being heaviest from May through October and scant in January, February and March, and November and December.

Propagation

Though the seeds of the pummelo are monoembryonic, seedlings usually differ little from their parents and therefore most pummelos in the Orient are grown from seed. The seeds can be stored for 80 days at 41? F(5? C) and 56-58% relative humidity. Only the best varieties are vegetatively propagated-traditionally by air-layering but more modernly by budding onto rootstocks of pummelo, 'King' or 'Cleopatra' mandarin, rough lemon, or Rangpur lime. In experimental work in the United States, the "T", or shield-budding, method has been found most satisfactory.



Food Uses
Though there is some labor involved, it is worth the effort to peel good pummelos, skin the segments, and eat the juicy pulp. The skinned segments can be broken apart and used in salads and desserts or made into preserves. The extracted juice is an excellent beverage. The peel can be candied.

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*
Calories 25-58
Moisture 84.82-94.1 g
Protein 0.5-0.74 g
Fat 0.2-0.56 g
Carbohydrates 6.3-12.4 g
Fiber 0.3-0.82 g
Ash 0.5-0.86 g
Calcium 21-30 mg
Phosphorus 20-27 mg
Iron 0.3-0.5 mg
Vitamin A 20 I.U.
Thiamine 0.04-0.07 mg
Riboflavin 0.02 mg
Niacin 0.3 mg
Ascorbic Acid 30-43 mg
*Analyses made in China and the United States.

Toxicity
Like that of other citrus fruits, the peel of the pummelo contains skin irritants, mainly limonene and terpene, also citral, aldehydes, geraniol, cadinene and linalool, which may cause dermatitis in individuals having excessive contact with the oil of the outer peel. Harvesters, workers in processing factories, and housewives may develop chronic conditions on the fingers and hands.

Other Uses
The flowers are highly aromatic and gathered in North Vietnam for making perfume. The wood is heavy, hard, tough, fine-grained and suitable for making tool handles.

Medicinal Uses: In the Philippines and Southeast Asia, decoctions of the leaves, flowers, and rind are given for their sedative effect in cases of epilepsy, chorea and convulsive coughing. The hot leaf decoction is applied on swellings and ulcers. The fruit juice is taken as a febrifuge. The seeds are employed against coughs, dyspepsia and lumbago. Gum that exudes from declining trees is collected and taken as a cough remedy in Brazil.
Last updated: 4/2/99 by ch
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famous among nepalese with chilli and salt.

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Neopaneji,
Thank you for the info on Lapsi. :-)
Shiv

you are welcome shiv,
more on lapsi here...just for your reference :-)
target=_blank>http://himjsci.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=2"> target=_blank>http://himjsci.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=2
Domesticating Lapsi, Choerospondias axillaris Roxb. (B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill) for fruit production Print E-mail

ARTICLES
Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 55-58, 2003
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K. C. Poudel

ABSTRACT

Cherospondias axillaris is a potential agroforestry tree species for income generation and nutrient supplementation in the middle mountains of rural Nepal. The occurrence and distribution of C. axillaris (locally known as Lapsi in Nepal) has been surveyed and documented. Status of indigenous knowledge about cultivation, management and utilisation has been studied and documented; indigenous indicators for early sex determination and criteria for fruit quality assessment has been established. Based on farmers selection and fruit quality assessment, elite trees for quality fruit production has been selected and methods for their successful propagation has been developed. Lapsi was reported growing in 301 Village Development Committees of 29 hill districts. Over 40000 trees has been producing fruits and additional 500,000 new trees has been planted. Interest on lapsi cultivation and marketing is increasing. Farmers have wealth of indigenous knowledge on lapsi ecology, husbandry practices and variation in different lapsi types. This knowledge combined with scientific methods has offered better opportunities for lapsi domestication. Bud grafting, side grafting, hardwood and softwood cutting propagation were successful methods for lapsi propagation, while research in tissue culture is still underway. Bud grafting during the first three weeks in February is recommended for lower cost and effectiveness (90% success).Selected trees are recommended for mass propagation and planting for quality fruit production.
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Paudel Krishna Chandra
Participatory cultivation of Choerospondias axillaris for the cultivation of fruit in the Agro forest systems of the low mountain ranges of Nepal
Participatory domestication OF Choerospondias axillaris for fruit production into the middle mountain agroforestry system OF Nepal


back (folder contents) Zusammenfassung
German English

Pagination: 187 p.

Publication date: 06/2001

Language: English

Affiliation: BW00220; University for soil culture Vienna;
Institut for fruit and horticulture

Begutachter: Pieber Karl
Laimer there Camara Machado Margit

Akad. Degree: Dr. nat. technical.

Classification: G0630 agriculture: Generally

Key words German: Cultivation; Cultivation of fruit; Low mountain range of Nepal; Choerosponidas axillaris; Tree; Nepal; Subtropics of Asia; Lapis trees; Ecology; Care; Marketing; Fruit processing; vegetative methodmethod methods; Fruit trees;

Key words English: lapsi; Choerospondias axillaris; agroforestry; domestication; fruit tree; plans propagation; fruit tree; sub tropical region OF Asia; ecology; husbandry; marketing; fruit processing; participatory method; distribution study;

Summary German:
Choerospondias axillaris is more dioezischer and leaves more throwing off, an extensively economically used tree. C axillaris, in Nepal Lapsi, is resident in the subtropics of Asia and originally originates from Nepal. Today's occurrence and spreading, into which Nepalese ' Middle Mountains ' became documented. A distribution map of the Lapsi trees in Nepal is introduced. The present conditions of the knowledge to ecology, care, marketing and fruit processing were collected, examined and evaluated. The best single trees were determined and selected, as well as tested vegetative methodmethod methods. For the further Domestikation that Nepalese Lapsi trees showed up the selected method in this work than time and cost effectively to guarantee-carry the goal out a contribution for the further spreading high-quality ' Agroforestry systems ' too. An overview of the treatment and marketing of the Lapsifruechte was compiled and presented here. The main manufacturing area in addition, processing centers were determined, existing Limitationen was analyzed and worked on proposals for solution for further intensification of production and processing. The indigene know-how of the farmers concerning characteristics in the mixed tree vegetable growing (Agroforestry), as in former times as possible determination of the sex, and fruit characteristics were raised, methodically secured and are reproducible. The morphologic and physiological differences between male and female trees was partly raised, was partly examined and for its validity examined and as potential markers for as early a sex regulation as possible suggested. The results of the evaluation and the selections, the rank lining of the most suitable Genotypen due to the criterion complexes: Expert's assessment of the Nepalese farmers, measurement of important attributes of the fruit quality, usual selection criteria in the fruit breeding is presented. Three important objectives for the quality improvement could be developed: (1) higher one and lower fruit meat content/fruit, (2) sour and sweet taste and (3) large and small fruits. Sweet, large and fleshy fruits are preferred by the consumers and farmers of Nepal. Therefore 21 Genotypen with high portion of fruchtfleisch, 23 Genotypen with large and sweet fruit and 25 types with sweet and fleshy fruits were selected. The selection took place on basis of the evaluation of several factors. The selected types became secured and to be available for the further zuechterische treatment and mass massenvermehrung. The possibilities of vegetative vermehrung were tested by means of (1) chip budding, (2) lateral okulation, (3) hard and weiche/krautige stecklinge, (4) gewebekultur. Chip Budding was with 87-92 % success rate most suitably, if she took place in the first three February weeks (at male and female plants different age and origin). In addition it led to a coming prematurely in the fruit yield, already into next two years began the Fruchten. Bewurzelung took place also with soft stecklingen obtained (39 %; putting substrate pearlite/peat). The young plants were dipped 5 seconds into 4000 ppm IBA solution. They were brought thereafter in a modified spray spruehnebelvermehrung to the Bewurzelung. Bewurzelung took place also at putting woods, if with serum DIX B3 one treated before. These were into the third Jaennerwoche into sand/soil/compost mixture. Success was larger in the glasshouse and in peat/pearlite. Refinement of males and female on older being subject trees of different sex were likewise successful. The in-vitro-in-vitro-Vermehrung took place on the basis of axillaeren buds. In 15 % Danclor was sterilized + Tween Detergens. The cultures could be established in DKV medium with 1mg/l BAP, 2mg/l BAP+0,2 mg/l NAA, 4mg/l BAP+0,2 mg/l NAA. The vermehrung of the regenerated young seedlings is at present under way.

Summary English:
Choerospondias axillaris is A large deciduous and dioecious fruit tree OF the sub tropical region OF Asia, native ton Nepal. The occurrence and distribution OF C axillaris (locally known as lapsi) in Nepal has been surveyed and documented. The current status OF indigenous knowledge about ecology, husbandry, marketing and fruit processing OF lapsi has been collected, evaluated and documented. Superior of trees for the middle hills OF Nepal have been identified, evaluated and selected, and their conservation has been initiated and in addition, vegetative methods for the propagation OF selected trees have been developed. The participatory method used into the distribution study which found tons A time and cost effective way OF preparing inventory about high VALUE agroforestry tree species and for eat-sing on their domestication potential. A distribution map OF C axillaris for Nepal has been produced. On overview OF the marketing and processing OF lapsi fruits in Nepal is presented, major lapsi production, processing and marketing AREAS and the Main limitations tons expanding lapsi cultivation have been identified and, means OF improvements acres suggested. Farmers ' ecological understanding about natural variation, tree crop interaction, agroforestry attribute and early sex determination which investigated, examined and found tons explainable. Farmers of ' indicator for identification and categorization OF lapsi into different type in relation ton fruit quality could used as tools for selecting superior genotypes. Several morphological and physiological differences between the female and paints lapsi trees were identified. They could verified and used as potential sex marker for early sex determination. Results OF selection and evaluation OF superior genotypes using farmers ' quality criteria, and expert criteria for tree selection, and preference ranking and laboratory analysis for fruit quality assessment has been presented. Three major concepts on superiority OF lapsi have emerged: the high and low pulp content, sweet and sour gropes, and large and more smaller fruits. Farmers, processors, and fresh fruit consumers preferred the sweet, large and pulpy fruits. A set each OF large and pulpy lapsi (21), large and sweet lapsi (23) and sweet and pulpy lapsi (25) has been selected using multi trait assessment and recommended for measured propagation and breeding. The possibility OF vegetative propagation OF selected trees which studied using chip budding, side grafting, hardwood and softwood cuttings and tissue culture techniques. The chip budding method has been identified as to appropriate method (87-92 % success), when carried out during the roofridge three weeks and female in February for propagating selected paint lapsi trees OF different age and origin, and thus for getting more earlier fruiting. Bud grafted trees started fruiting within two years. Successful rooting OF lapsi softwood cuttings which achieved (39 %) in A locally developed high humidity propagation environment using A of pearlites medium, when juvenile cuttings prepared from grafted trees were dipped for 5 seconds into 4000ppm OF IBA solution. Rooting which thus obtained from hardwood cuttings when they were treated with serum DIX B3 and planted into the third week OF January in A sand:soil:compost mixture. Rooting which better more under glasshouse condition using peat:perlite media than in open air nursery conditions. Initially attempts ton onto established paints trees and of trees OF graft unknown sex using budding methods were successful. In vitro propagation OF lapsi using axillary buds from selected trees has been initiated and effective sterilization which achieved by using A combi nation OF 15 % Danclor + 2 drops OF Tween wetting agent, after explants were washed for 5-10 minutes in running more water. Axenic cultures were successfully established in DKV medium supplemented with 1mg/l OF BAP, 2mg/l OF BAP +0.2mg/l OF NAA, or 4mg/l OF BAP +0.2mg/l OF NAA. Multiplication OF shoots more under different environmental conditions is underway and the research is continued.

Availability: University library of the university for soil culture Vienna,
Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria

Signature: D-10253

naspati JHAN mitho hunchha yaar! thanks for posting, neupane....here, naspatis are about $1.50 each!!!

suntalas are so good too, especially once they are actually orange and ripe! thank you also for mentioning that suntalas are called "tangerines" as what nepalis call "suntala"s are NOT oranges!

la ta, neupane dai, aba ta bhui katahar ko kura pani post garnu na....

Thank you once again. My quest for search has ended. Kudos :-)

Neupane,
Thanks for the info. Something worth than politics in here. One question though, How about TIMBUR. What is it called in the West? Any info will help the Nepali everywhere.

timur (timbur) : Szechwan Pepper ?

Last time I asked for Szchwan Pepper at some of the Chinese store gave me something else. I don't think it's timbur.

I think there are different kinds of Szechwan Pepper. One of them is common timur that is found in Nepal. It could be an unique species found only in Nepal

by the way, What is the use of timur beside the sue of it in gobheda ( tomato) ko achar???

Laapsi Nepal ma bhaek kahe paidaina ho?

I have seen timur being used instead of moth balls to preserve/store old cloths... Can't think of many dishes with timur in it at the moment.

pls keep going neupane! you are educating quite a swath of folks on the net. you are also an expert on spices, yes? in this case, care to explain how that smelly spice with nepali name of 'hing' is produced? i dont use it anymore, but have always wondered about it.

also, pls add info on Tamatar. Aachar made of it is very delicious. if you don't mind, add info on 'mausam' which looks a bit like orange, but it is not. its gudi is yellowish in color, but barks can be green or yellow.

thanks.

Timbur is heavily used by the people of Tibetan origin in Mustang, Sagarmatha and Dolpo in their dishes from Momo, pickle, chillie.