b/af/
xTofsf08 cnu b[li6sf]0f

g]kfnsf] 36gfqmddf
rf;f] /fVg] ljZjsf w]/} ;+rf/dfWodx?n] k|of]u ug{] u/]sf] d;fn]bf/ lzif{s xf]
Úg]kfndf /fhtGq ;dfKt eof]Æ . g]kfnsf] b'/fj:yfsf] k|d'v eflubf/ / lgb]{zs
g]kfnsf] glhssf] l5d]sL ef/t b]lvG5 . o;sf] s]lx P]ltxfl;s / ;d;fdflos
k[i6e"ld s]nfpg pko'Qm x'G5 . of] ljZn]if0fsf] cefjn] g]kfndf ePsf]
cft+sjfb ef/t k|fof]lht ePsf] s'/fdf ljZj cgle1 5 . of] czflGtdo ljZjdf g]kfn
Ps cToGt zfGt cl3/fHo ePsf] yfxf lyof] . hf] ;+ejt ef/tnfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg .
lj;f} ztflAbsf] dWolt/ g]kfndf o:tf] sxfnLnfUbf] bl/b|tf lyPg eGg] ;Toaf6
w]/}n] cf+vf lrDng] k|oTg ug{ ;Sb5g . k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] a[l6;
O{G8LofnfO{ l;kfxL lab|f]x bjfpg d4t ug'{ g} g]kfn / ef/tsf clxn] zf;g
ug]{x?sf]] aLrsf] j}dgZotfsf] z'?jft dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx?n]
a[l6; OG8LofnfO{ ;xof]u gu/]sf] eP ;+ejt !*%& d} ef/t hlGdg] lyof . cem
uf]/vf kmf}hsf] tfut e/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] lgldQ cuDo afwf ;/x lyof] .
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf nuQ} !(%)df g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] klg ktg eof] . tTsflng
k|wfgdGqL df]xg zd;]/ /f0ff ;QfRo"t ePkl5 :jlgjf{;gdf ef/t g} uP .
g]kfnsf] xfnLd'xfnL !(%) ;Dd /fhtGqnfO{ ykgf /fv]/ /f0ffx?n] g} rnfP .

clxn] g]kfnsf
dxTjk"0f{ JolQm dflgPsf sf]O{/fnfx? ef/tLox?;+u} sf“wdf sf“w ldnfP/ ljzfn
ef/tLo ;+3sf] lgldQ nl8/x]sf lyP . tLg} efO{ sf]O{/fnfx? a[l6; O{lG8ofsf] pQ/L
k|fGtdf pgL x's]{ a9]sf x'g cem sf]xL t hGd]sf] klg Tolx xf] . of] sf]O{/fnf
kl/jf/n] cfk"m g]kfnL ePsf] hlt bfjL u/] klg pgLx?sf] h8 tyf xf+uflj+uf
ef/t d} kfO{G5 . clxn] klg sf]O{/fnf kl/jf/sf w]/} ;b:ox?sf] /f;f]jf;f] ef/td}
5 . sf]O{/fnfx? ef/tLo ;+3sf] lgldQ n8]s lyP, o;df ;kmntfsf] glhs k'u]] kl5
of]hgfsf] bf]>f] efudf pgLx?nfO{ ef/t leq} g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{ agfpg]
lgb]{zg eof] . !($&df kfls:tfg ;+u} ef/t klg hGDof] . ef/t / kfls:tfgsf]
cfjfbL / If]qkmn x]bf{ Gofol]lrt u7g eGGg ;lsGg, o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f u7gsf]
cfwf/ wd{ lyof] . ultnf /fHox? Eff/tLo ;+3df ufleP . lxGb" /fhf xl/ l;xn]
zf;g u/]sf hDd' sflZd/sf ax';+Vos hgtf d'l:nd lyP . /fhf xl/ l;+xn] :jtGq /xg]
lg0f{o u/] . g]x?n] ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3sf] 3f]if0ffsf] slxNo} kfng u/]gg, n/
!($*sf] cGTo lt/ ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3sf] o"4lj/fdsf] cf8df ef/tn] sn, 5n /
ann] hDd' sflZd/ xTofof] . To;}n] of] ljnon] k|Zg hGdfp5 . hDd' sflZd/ dfly
ef/t / kfls:tfg b"a}n] e'm6\6f] bfjL u/]sf lyP . clxn] klg To;nfO{
cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfon] ljjf:kb If]qsf] ?kdf lnG5 . nuQ} ef/tn] Ujflno/ clw/fHo /
x}b/fjfb clw/fHo if8oGqk"j{s cfk'mdf ljno u/fof] . tb'k/fGt ef/tsf] lu4]
b[li6 l;lSsd clw/fHo / g]kfn clw/fHo tk{m s]lGb|t eof] . o;}sf lgldQ ef/tLo
sf+u|];n] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] u7gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] ts{ cg'lrt x'“b}g .

O{ltxf;sf/x?sf]
egfO{ cg';f/ sf]O{/fnfx?n] /f0ff zf;g kmfNgdf ef/tn] d4t u/]df g]kfn ef/tdf
ldnfpg] jfrf u/]sf lyP . ef/t sf]O{/fnx?sf] s]6fs]6Lkgsf] Tof] efsndf dVv k¥of]
. aRrf klg cfÎgf] kmfO{bf b]v]df s;}nfO{ d4t u5{ . cGttM !(%) df /fhf lqe'jg
/f0ffx?Aff6 aRg ef/t p8] . tLg aif{sf tTsflng /fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb| eg] PSn} g]kfndf
5'6]sf lyP . rt'/ /f0ffx? Eff/tsf] of] v]naf6 cgle1 lyPgg\ . !(%) d} /fhtGqsf]
cGTo ug]{ ef/tsf] of] ;'lgof]lht of]hgf tLg aif]{ 1fg]Gb|nfO{ /fhd's'6 klx¥ofP/
/f0ffx?n] t'xfO{ lbP . /fhtGq kmfn]/ g]kfnnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] clg x8Kg] ef/tLo
of]hgfsf] ;'O{sf] /f0ffx?n] kfPsf lyP . To;}n] /f0ffx?n] g]kfn arfpg of]
a'l4dQfk"0f{ sbd rfn] . o; b[li6df /f0ffx? ;Rrf /fi6«jfbL lyP . ltgsf]
ktgn] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tdf ufEg] s'r]i6f ug{ ef/tnfO{ xf}:ofof] .

lxGb"x?n]
/fhfnfO{ eujfgsf] cjtf/ dfGg] x'gfn] /fhtGq /x'Gh]n g]kfn ef/tdf ufEg ;ls+b}g
lyof] . t} klg ef/t r'knfu]/ a;]g, g]kfn / l;lSsdnfO{ ef/tdf ljnosf] k|:tfj
/fVof] , tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb| of] k|:tjaf6 l/;fP, t/ sf]O{/fnfsf] k|lt?k
l;lSsdsf] k|wfgdGqLn] eg] of] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]/ l;lSsd ef/tsf] xftdf ;'lDkP .
tLg} hgf sf]O{/fnf efOx? Eff/tsf] ;'emfj / bjfjdf Ps Ps u/]/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL
eP . ;a}n] cfcfÎgf] zf;gsfndf ef/tsf] lxtdf ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g, o;n] g]kfnsf]
kl/l:yltdf ef/tnfO{ glhsaf6 cWoog / x:tIf]k ug]{ ;lhnf] u/fof] . g]kfnsf]
/fhtGq ef/tsf] of] rfn;+u cgle1 lyPg . gAa]sf] bzsdf /fhf jL/]Gb|n] g]kfnnfO{
zflGtIf]q 3f]k0ff u/], h;nfO{ ef/t jfx]s ljZjsf Ps;o bz d'n'sx?n] j}wflgstf lbP
. ;fpy Ansaf6 cfO{/x]sf] of] if8\oGqsf] b'uGw a'l4hLljx?n] dxz'; u/]sf lyP .
/fhf jL/]Gb|sf] nf]slk|otf ef/tsf] lgldQ k|lts'n lyof] . efjL /fhf bLk]Gb|sf]
nf]slk|otfn] t emg kl/l:ylt lgs6 eljiodf ef/tsf] cg's'n x'g] ;Defjgf 6/]/ uPsf]
lyof] .

ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL
/fhLj ufGwLn] >Ln+sfdf Pnl6l6O k}bf u/]sf] s'/fdf ljZn]ifsx? ljZjf; ub{5g,
To;} u/]/ pgLx?n] g]kfnsf] dgf]jn tf]8g dfcf]jfbL lab|f]xsf] ljhf/f]k0f u/] .
g]kfndf dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ /fHosf] lj?4df n8g ef/tn] cfly{s d4t u/]sf] s'/f !((^
b]vL g} w]/} n]vx?n] tyf g]kfnsf ljkIfLbnsf g]tfx?n] p7fpb} cfPsf x'g . clg,
dfcf]jfbLx?sf] k|d'v dfu /fhtGqsf] ;dflKt lyof] . dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx?sf]
k[i7kf]if0f ef/t ;/sf/af6 x'“b} cfPsf] lyof], w]/} dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? bflh{ln¨,
nvgp tyf lbNnLdf a;]/ u'? of]hgf agfpy] . pgLx? tTsflng ;/sf/;+u jftf{ ug{
bflh{ln¨af6 cfpy] . g]kfndf /x]sf /fhlglts?kdf lblIft 5fkfdf/x?n] pgLx?sf]
of]hgf sfof{Gjgog ub{y] . ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 g]tf ;Ltf/fd or'/L g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLsf
s6\6/ ;dy{s b]lvG5g . o; jfx]s g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ef/t ;/sf/;+u} nl8/x]sf]
gS;njfbL ;d'xx?sf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt 5 . of] ef/t ;/sf/ lj?4sf] n8fO{ ef/tLo
hgtf kf6L{ ;/sf/df x'“bfdfq hf]8tf]8n] x'g] ub{5, sf+u|]; ;Qfdf ePsf j]nf
ljb|f]xLsf] ultljwL Go"g x'g] ub{5 . ;Qfdf hd]/ /xg ef/tLo sf+u|];sf]
cltjfbLx?;+u lg6std u7aGwg 5 eGg] s'/fsf] of] k|df0f xf] . ljb|f]xL g]tfx?nfO{
kls|g / g]kfn ;k'b{uL ug{ ef/tn] slxNo} rf;f] b]vfPg . cGt/fli6«o cft+sjfbL
3f]lift ePsf j]nfdf klg hj g]kfnL jfdkGyL g]tfx?n] @))# df g]kfnL dfcf]jfbL
g]tfx?nfO{ nvgpdf e]6bf ef/tn] kls|g] s'g} pkqmd u/]g . ef/tn] slxNo} g]kfndf
zflGt grfx]sf] of] alnof] k|df0f xf] . To;} j]nf cGt//fli6«o ;+rf/ hut eg]
/fhtGqsf] abgfdL k}mnfpg bQlrQ lyof] .

g]kfnsf bnx?sf]
dfcf]jfbLx?;+u 5nkmndf ef/tLox?sf] pkl:yltn] pgLx? larsf] uxg cGt/;DjGw b]vfp5
. Wofg lbg of]Uo s'/f of] klg 5 ls dfcf]jfbL tTsflng ;/sf/sf] k|x/L
dxflgl/Ifssf] xTof ;lhn} ug{ ;S5g, t/ s'g} g]tfsf] xTof k|of; c;kmn x'G5g .
dfcf]jfbLx? / g]tfx? jLrdf Ps csf{nfO{ gdfg]{ ;+emf}tf lyof] eGg' ;+ejt unt
x'“b}g . g]kfndf czflGt x'g' ef/tLox?sf] g]kfnsf] zflGtIf]qsf] k|:tfj gdfGg'sf]
cf}lrTosf] k'li6 x'g' xf]] . cfÎg} dfG5]x? sf]O{/fnf / dfcf]jfbLsf] d4tn]
ef/tn] g]kfndf /fhtGq ;dfKtL kfg'{, g]kfnnfO{ cfk"mdf ljno u/fpg clxn];Dd
c;kmn x'g'sf] b/jf/ xTofsf08;+usf] ;DjGw s]nfpg} kb{5 . t;y{ o; 38Lsf] cfjZostf
eg]sf] /fhg}lts ljZn]ifs / hgtfnfO{ b/jf/ xTofsf08sf] cnu sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f
ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{ xf] .

b/jf/ xTofsf08 kl5
gfgf yl/sf ckmjfxx? k}mnfO{of] . 36gfsf] nuQ} kl5 ef/tLo nufgLsf ;+rf/dfWodx?
l;+xf;gsf] pQ/flwsf/Lsf lj?4 k|rf/jfhLdf nfu] . g]kfndf /fhtGq af/]df cgf:yf
k}mnfpg' sf]O/fnf, dfcf]jfbL / ef/tsf] ;+o'Qm /0fgLlt lyof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] nf]slk|otfn]
of] xTofsf08sf] bf]if l;+xf;gsf] pQ/flwsf/L dfly y'kfg{ ;lsPdf /fhtGq pv]Ng
;lhnf] x'g]5 eGg] s'/f pgLsf] laZn]if0f lyof], olx eof] . /fhkl/jf/df u4L yfDg]
sf]lx ;b:o g/xg] u/]/ ;a}nfO{ dfg]{ of]hgf cf+lzs ;kmn eof] . xTofsf08sf] j]nf
1fg]Gb| zx/ aflx/ lyP, /fqL ef]hdf ;l/s x'g b/jf/ hfb} lyP, hf] To;a]nf;Dd
xTofsf08 e} ;s]sf] lyof] . g]kfnLx? /fhfnfO{ afa' ;/x dfof“ / cfb/ ub{5g eGg]
s'/f g]kfnLx?sf] vf}l/Psf] 6fpsfx?n] b]vfP . :d/l0fo 5, uL/Lhf k|;fb sf]O{/fnf
b/jf/ xTofsf08sf] a]nf g]kfnsf] zlQmzfnL k|wfgdGqL lyP . kl5, g]kfnsf rn]sf
b}lgsx?df k|sflzt w]/} n]vx?sf cg';f/ pg}n] /fhfnfO{ b/jf/jf6 x6fpg klg ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf lyP . ;+ejt zfxL xTofsf] jf/]df pgnfO{ hfgsf/L lyof] t/ klg o;nfO{{
/f]Sg'sf] ;f6f] /fhtGq ;dfKt ug]{ w]/} k'/fgf] if8\oGq cg';f/ o;nfO{ /f]Sg]
k|oTg u/]gg\ .

tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
z]/ axfb'/ b]pjfn] r'gfj u/fpg, eGg] /fhfsf] rfxfgf b'O rf]6L r'gfjsf] ldlt
;fbf{ klg k'/f ePg . ;+ejt r'gfj ;fb}{ xd]zf kbd} al;/xg] of] k|wfgdGqLsf]
/fhgLlts rfn lyof] . /fi6«k|d'vn]] d'n's clg0f{osf] alGb e}/x]sf] x]/]/ a:g
x“'b}g lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb lj36g ug'{ ;+ejt olx st{Jo lgjf{xsf] afWotf lyof]] .
cS6f]j/ @))@df k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifbsf] lj36g To;j]nfsf] ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf]
clk|o st{Jo lgjf{x lyof] . h'g @))$df ;+;b k'g{:yfkgfsf] ;f6f] lgjt{dfg lgjf{lrt
k|wfgdGqLnfO{sf] k'g{jfxfnL ul/of]]], h;n] rf/ bnsf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ agfof], h;n]
;+s6sfn nufof], g]tfx?nfO{ h]n xfNof] . kl5 a? /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] g]tfx?nfO{
h]nd'Qm u¥of], d] @))%df ;+s6sfn x6fof], t/ /fhfn] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm Pk|Ln
@))^;Dd cfÎgf] xfndf /fv] . @))!df /fhf 1fg]Gb| l;+xf;g cf?9 x'“bf ljut bz
aif{b]lv g]kfn u[xo'4n] cfqmfGt lyof] . g]kfnsf /fhgLltjfhx?nfO{ cg'ejlxg
/fhfdfly bf]if y'kf/]/ cfk"m rf]lvg ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . /fhfn] r'gfj ug{
g;s]sf]df dlGqkl/ifb lj36g u/] kl5 d'n'sdf sfg'gsf] kfngfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyof],
k|zf;g r':t x'“b} lyof] / jftfj/0f ;'wf/f]Gd'v lyof] . zf;g sfg'g kfngfdf s7f]/
ePsf lyof] . To;a]nf;Dd afx| aif]{ k|hftGqn] g]kfnLx?nfO{ cN5L / of]Uotf ljlxg
agfPsf] lyof] . /fhf of] cfO{k/]sf] ;+s6 6fg{ rxfGy] . w]/} hgtf k|utL x]g{ rfxfGy],
clg e|i6rf/Lx? j]/f]huf/ x'“b} lyP . /fhgLltdf 7f“p gkfPdf g]kfnsf w]/} g]tfx?
cGo s'g} sfd kfpg ;Sg] u/]/ lzlIft 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? hf] slxNo} ;do kfng
ub}{g lyP, ;dodf sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g yfn]sf lyP, / e|i6rf/ dfly s8f nufd nfUb}
lyof] . s'g cN5L g]kfnLn] o;nfO{ dg k/fpg] lyof] / < lgZro g} o;n] pgLx?nfO{
ljb|f]xL agfO{ lbof] . o;n] pgLx?nfO{ /fhgLltjfhx?;+u ;f+7uf+7 u/]/ zf;gsf]
lj?4df n8g pS:ofof] . g]kfn / ef/tsf ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] of] ;f+7uf+7sf] ;dy{g u/]
. of] tyfslyt qmflGtsf] ;f+IfL ePsf dfG5]x? eGb5g, qmflGt cf/f]k k|Tof/f]ksf]
b'vb /0fgLlt dfq lyof] . pgLx?sf cg';f/ Pk|Ln @))^df ha;Dd dfcf]jfbL /fhf
la?4df n8\g o;df ;+nUg ePgg\ To; a]nf;Dd l;ldt bz kGb| hgf hDdf eP/ k|hftGqsf]
k'g{axfnLsf] dfu /fVb} k|b{zg ub{y] . k|ToIfbzL{ eGb5g cfGbf]ngsf a]nf 6«ssf
6«s e/]/ dfcf]jfbLx? ljb|f]xsf lgldQ /fhwfgL zx/ k;]sf lyP . lx+;fnfO{ e8sfpg
dfcf]jfbLn] k|b{zgdf /x]sf dfcf]jfbL dfly g} k|xf/ ub{y] tfls bdgsf] bf]if
zf;gnfO{ yf]kg{ ;lsof]; . kRrL; JolQm dg]{ ljlQs} /fhfn] cfÎgf ;a} clwsf/
Tofu]/ ;+;b k'g{ghLljt u/] . o;/L hf] zf;g d'n'snfO{ dfly p7fpg rxfGYof] of]
tfgfzfxLsf] k|tLs aGg k'Uof] . To; kl5 olb s;}n] g]kfndf /fi6«jfbsf] ;dy{g
u¥of] ls To;nfO{ /fhfjfbLsf] ku/L lbP/ tfgfzfxsf] cf/f]k nufO{of] .

ca /fhtGq ljbf ePsf]
5, ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLx? Hff] /fhfsf s6\6/ k|z+;s lyP pgLx? cfÎgf] eujfg vf]hL
/x]sf 5g . oBfkL lxGb"Tj / a'4Tjn] lx+;f l;sfpb}g tyfkL ;j{;fwf/0f
g]kfnLx? lsg ;8sdf lgSn]sf 5}gg\ of] k|Zg cg'Ql/t 5 . s] of] lxGb"Tjsf]
wd{sf] kl/Iff xf] < s] uf]vf{nLsf] /utsf] k/LIff xf] < s] g]kfnLx?sf]
k/LIff xf] < g]kfnn] clxn];Dd dfcf]jfbLsf] le8 b]v]sf] 5, g]kfnLsf] x}g .
Pslbg cfpg]5 hj uf]vf{nLx? cd/l;+x yfkf, jL/ jneb| s'+j/, led;]g yfkf jf csf]{
h+uaxfb'/sf] axfb'/L b]vfpg ;8sdf cfpg] 5g\ . =======s] yfxf 6'6\b} u/]sf]
g]kfn Pstfj4 ug{ k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx g} kf] cjtl/t x'G5g sL <