Shirish ji - As I said before, personal corruption is a simpler problem but it won?t be easy to solve. The solution must start at the top. If top dogs flaunt anti-corruption laws, and Nepal's laws are pretty good, who is going to enforce and obey them. When PMs and his advisors along with the entire cabinets are squeaky clean, then that sets good examples for others to follow. During the multi-party rule, that obviously didn?t happen. When Girija was the PM, he was involved in the Lauda scandal. Deuba was supposedly a complicit in the Melamchi kickbacks, although the corruption charges against him were politically motivated. Then there are lowbrows like Wagle and Kadhka along with hundreds of parliamentarians who amassed immense wealth during their heydays. I think nice-guys like KP Bhattarai and Man Mohan Adhikari were clean but they were too gentle to survive the hurly-burly world of Nepali politics. Personal corruption is NOT the monopoly of mainstream party leaders. Pachayat era bigwigs like Lokendra Bdr Chand and Surya Bdr Thapa surely amassed their wealth through corruption. How can one explain Lokendra Bdr Chand paying $400,000 to the Maoists for his son's release or Surya Bdr Thapa owning couple of high-end condos in New York City? And remember the fertilizer scandal involving Padma Sundar Lawati. In the post-Feb 1 era, a couple of ministers were accused of trying to import fertilizers from India duty-free and split the difference. And let's not even get into the Royal Palace (they deal with drugs, steal idols, and don't pay taxes on the hotels they own) and people around it (Sharad Chandra Shah being the poster boy). What about the RNA - I don't know who audits their accounts, and what about Ger-sahabs employing dozens of cost-free sipais to mind their household chores? Top level corruption was prevalent during the Panchayat era and the multi-party system, and continues to run amok in the current feudal dictatorship. The disease has spread to every segment of the society from police officers, who demand traffic laws violators to fill their petrol tanks, to airport subedars waiting to hound incoming Nepali passengers, to petty bureaucrats unwilling to push papers or rather tokens without "chia ko lagi paisa". In Nepal, if you are a state employee, you're corrupt until you prove otherwise. Given the corruption pandemic in the country, it will take time to solve the problem entirely. Obviously the place to start is at to top. But top dogs won?t do it on their own volition. A vigilant civil society is needed but such society can only exist in an open and democratic system. Sure, naysayers are going to say, civil society didn't do much in the 1990s when personal corruption amongst politicians soared to record levels. But again, my answer to that is that it takes time. The government at that time was moving in right direction, albeit slowly, by indicting the most egregious ones like Wagle. Even mature democracies have not been able to eliminate personal corruption entirely ? remember the case against the Governor of IL? When the voice of civil society is silenced, as it is now, corruption goes unreported and people get impression that everything is dandy. The fertilizer scam involving current ministers was reported not by Nepali media but by Indian media. Nobody knows what has happened to the case since. By far the biggest problem now is that we don?t know what?s happening to the national treasury. Given the opaqueness, I have NO REASON NOT to believe that much of it going into Gyane Swiss bank accounts. If eliminating personal corruption is a challenge, dealing with political corruption is a nightmare. Even mature democracies like the US have not figured out a way to get around it. But it is important that Nepal find a way to deal with it, otherwise people will quickly lose faith in the democratic profess. Hopefully others have good suggestions.