Posted by: Neupane November 10, 2005
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LEMON: Kaagati
from http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Citrus+limon&CAN=COMIND
Citrus limon
Common name: Lemon Family: Rutaceae
Author: (L.) Burm. f. Botanical references: 200
Synonyms: Citrus x limonia (Osbeck.), Citrus limonum (Risso.)
Known Hazards: None known
Range: Original range is obscure, possible Asia.
Habitat: Original habitat is obscure, probably a hybrid involving C. medica x C. aurantifolia[200].
Plants For A Future Rating (1-5): 3
Other Possible Synonyms: From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
C. limonia[G] C. medica[H] C. medica limon[H] C. medica var. limon[G,H] C. taitensis[G,P] C. volkameriana[G]
Other Common Names: From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Citrus [P], Lemon [H,B,E,P], Lemun Hamedh [E], Lemun Tresh [E], Limon [E], Limonero [E], Miski [E],
Other Range Info: From the Ethnobotany Database
Australia; Chile; Ecuador(Jivaro); Gabon; Iraq; Kurdistan; Peru; Spain; Turkey
Plant Passport required for Trade in UK/EU From DEFRA Plant passporting.
Plant Passport Required for trade in the UK/Europe.
Physical Characteristics
An evergreen shrub growing to 3m by 1m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 9 and is frost tender. It is in leaf all year, in flower all year. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion) and insects. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Sunny Edge, By Walls, By South Wall, By West Wall.
Cultivar 'Meyers Lemon': Woodland, Sunny Edge, By Walls, By South Wall, By West Wall.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Fruit.
Fruit - raw or cooked[1, 3, 46]. A very acid taste[61]. Mainly used as a drink and as a flavouring[183, 238]. It is also used in salad dressings etc where it acts as an antioxidant as well as imparting an acid flavour[183]. The juice is used to help set jam[238]. The fruit can be up to 15cm long and 7cm wide[200].
The dried rind of the fruit is often used as a flavouring in cakes etc[1, 4, 61, 183].
The dried leaves are sometimes mixed with tea leaves for use as a flavouring[183].
An essential oil from the rind is used as a food flavouring[46, 64, 183].
The flowers are eaten in ice creams, fritters, jams etc[183].
Composition
Fruit (Fresh weight)
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Water: 90 Calories: 28 Protein: 0.8 Fat: 0.5 Carbohydrate: 8.2 Fibre: 0.6 Ash: 5.4
In milligrammes per 100g weight of food:
Calcium: 33 Phosphorus: 15 Iron: 0.5 Sodium: 3 Potassium: 137 VitaminA: 12 Thiamine: 0.5 Riboflavin: 0.02 Niacin: 0.1 VitaminC: 52
Source: [218]
Notes: The figures given here are the median of a range given in the report.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antibacterial; Antiperiodic; Antiscorbutic; Aromatherapy; Astringent; Carminative; Miscellany; Refrigerant; Rubefacient; Stimulant; Stomachic.
Lemons are an excellent preventative medicine and have a wide range of uses in the domestic medicine chest. The fruit is rich in vitamin C which helps the body to fight off infections and also to prevent or treat scurvy[4, 240, 254]. It was at one time a legal requirement that sailors should be given an ounce of lemon each day in order to prevent scurvy[4]. Applied locally, the juice is a good astringent and is used as a gargle for sore throats etc[4]. Lemon juice is also a very effective bactericide[7]. It is also a good antiperiodic and has been used as a substitute for quinine in treating malaria and other fevers[4].
Although the fruit is very acid, once eaten it has an alkalizing effect upon the body[254]. This makes it useful in the treatment of rheumatic conditions[254].
The skin of the ripe fruit is carminative and stomachic[240].
The essential oil from the skin of the fruit is strongly rubefacient and when taken internally in small doses has stimulating and carminative properties[4].
The stem bark is bitter, stomachic and tonic[218].
An essential oil from the fruit rind is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Refreshing'[210].
Citrus species contain a wide range of active ingredients and research is still underway in finding uses for them. They are rich in vitamin C, bioflavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergic responses in some people[238]. Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of anti-oxidants and chemical exfoliants in specialized cosmetics[238].
The bioflavonoids in the fruit help to strengthen the inner lining of blood vessels, especially veins and capillaries, and help counter varicose veins and easy bruising[254].
Other Uses
Cleanser; Essential; Oil; Polish; Pot-pourri; Repellent.
A semi-drying oil obtained from the seed is used in soap making[46, 61].
An essential oil from the peel is used as a food flavouring and also in perfumery and medicines[7, 46, 61]. A higher quality essential oil is obtained from the flowers[7]. The peel contains 0.4% essential oil[240].
An essential oil obtained from the leaves and young twigs is called 'petitgrain oil'. Yields are around 0.4%[240].
The dried fruit rind has been used as an insect repellent in the clothes cupboard[7] and also in pot-pourri[238].
The juice of the fruit is used for polishing bronze and other metals that have been neglected[7]. It can also be used for removing ink stains[7].
Wood - nicely veined, it takes a beautiful polish[4].
Cultivation details
Prefers a moderately heavy loam with a generous amount of compost and sand added and a very sunny position[1, 200]. Prefers a pH between 5 and 6[200]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.8 to 8.3. Plants are intolerant of water logging[3]. When growing plants in pots, a compost comprising equal quantities of loam and leafmould plus a little charcoal should produce good results[260]. Do not use manure since Citrus species dislike it[260]. When watering pot plants it is important to neither overwater or underwater since the plant will soon complain by turning yellow and dying. Water only when the compost is almost dry, but do not allow it to become completely dry[260].
Dormant plants can withstand temperatures down to about -6?c so long as this is preceded by a spell of 2 - 3 weeks of cool weather to allow the plant to acclimatize[3]. If the change from mild to cold weather is more sudden then the plant will still be in growth and will be much more susceptible to damage and can be harmed by temperatures below 0?c[3]. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender and so it is best to grow the plants in a position sheltered from the early morning sun[K]. It is best if a winter minimum of 4?c is maintained[3].
The lemon is widely grown for its edible fruit in warm temperate and tropical zones, there are many named varieties[183]. In Britain it can be grown in a pot that is placed outdoors in the summer and brought into a greenhouse for the winter[3].
By budding onto hardier species such as C. aurantium, C. ichangensis or Poncirus trifoliata, the lemon becomes more cold tolerant and its climatic range can be somewhat extended[3].
The flowers are sweetly scented[245].
Plants dislike root disturbance and so should be placed into their permanent positions when young. If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers[238].
Propagation
The seed is best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it ripe after thoroughly rinsing it[164, 200]. Sow stored seed in March in a greenhouse[3]. Germination usually takes place within 2 - 3 weeks at 13?c. Seedlings are liable to damp off so they must be watered with care and kept well ventilated. The seed is usually polyembrionic, two or more seedlings arise from each seed and they are genetically identical to the parent but they do not usually carry any virus that might be present in the parent plant[200]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least three growing seasons before trying them outdoors. Plant them out in the summer and give them some protection from the cold for their first few winters outdoors.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a frame.
Layering in October.
Scent
Leaves:
No details on scent.
Flowers: Fresh
The flowers are sweetly scented.
Cultivars
'Villa Franca'
An almost thornless plant producing medium to large fruits[260].
'Quatre Saisons' 'Eureka'
An everbearing variety, producing fruits all year round[260]. Commonly grown in Mediterranean areas[260].
'Ponderosa'
The plant has a dwarf habit but produces large fruits[260].
'Imperial'
Produces larger fruits than the species[260].
An evergreen shrub growing to 3m by 1m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 9 and is frost tender. It is in leaf all year, in flower all year. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion) and insects. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Sunny Edge, By Walls, By South Wall, By West Wall.
Cultivar 'Meyers Lemon': Woodland, Sunny Edge, By Walls, By South Wall, By West Wall.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Fruit.
Fruit - raw or cooked[1, 3, 46]. A very acid taste[61]. Mainly used as a drink and as a flavouring[183, 238]. It is also used in salad dressings etc where it acts as an antioxidant as well as imparting an acid flavour[183]. The juice is used to help set jam[238]. The fruit can be up to 15cm long and 7cm wide[200].
The dried rind of the fruit is often used as a flavouring in cakes etc[1, 4, 61, 183].
The dried leaves are sometimes mixed with tea leaves for use as a flavouring[183].
An essential oil from the rind is used as a food flavouring[46, 64, 183].
The flowers are eaten in ice creams, fritters, jams etc[183].
Composition
Fruit (Fresh weight)
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Water: 90 Calories: 28 Protein: 0.8 Fat: 0.5 Carbohydrate: 8.2 Fibre: 0.6 Ash: 5.4
In milligrammes per 100g weight of food:
Calcium: 33 Phosphorus: 15 Iron: 0.5 Sodium: 3 Potassium: 137 VitaminA: 12 Thiamine: 0.5 Riboflavin: 0.02 Niacin: 0.1 VitaminC: 52
Source: [218]
Notes: The figures given here are the median of a range given in the report.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antibacterial; Antiperiodic; Antiscorbutic; Aromatherapy; Astringent; Carminative; Miscellany; Refrigerant; Rubefacient; Stimulant; Stomachic.
Lemons are an excellent preventative medicine and have a wide range of uses in the domestic medicine chest. The fruit is rich in vitamin C which helps the body to fight off infections and also to prevent or treat scurvy[4, 240, 254]. It was at one time a legal requirement that sailors should be given an ounce of lemon each day in order to prevent scurvy[4]. Applied locally, the juice is a good astringent and is used as a gargle for sore throats etc[4]. Lemon juice is also a very effective bactericide[7]. It is also a good antiperiodic and has been used as a substitute for quinine in treating malaria and other fevers[4].
Although the fruit is very acid, once eaten it has an alkalizing effect upon the body[254]. This makes it useful in the treatment of rheumatic conditions[254].
The skin of the ripe fruit is carminative and stomachic[240].
The essential oil from the skin of the fruit is strongly rubefacient and when taken internally in small doses has stimulating and carminative properties[4].
The stem bark is bitter, stomachic and tonic[218].
An essential oil from the fruit rind is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Refreshing'[210].
Citrus species contain a wide range of active ingredients and research is still underway in finding uses for them. They are rich in vitamin C, bioflavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergic responses in some people[238]. Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of anti-oxidants and chemical exfoliants in specialized cosmetics[238].
The bioflavonoids in the fruit help to strengthen the inner lining of blood vessels, especially veins and capillaries, and help counter varicose veins and easy bruising[254].
Other Uses
Cleanser; Essential; Oil; Polish; Pot-pourri; Repellent.
A semi-drying oil obtained from the seed is used in soap making[46, 61].
An essential oil from the peel is used as a food flavouring and also in perfumery and medicines[7, 46, 61]. A higher quality essential oil is obtained from the flowers[7]. The peel contains 0.4% essential oil[240].
An essential oil obtained from the leaves and young twigs is called 'petitgrain oil'. Yields are around 0.4%[240].
The dried fruit rind has been used as an insect repellent in the clothes cupboard[7] and also in pot-pourri[238].
The juice of the fruit is used for polishing bronze and other metals that have been neglected[7]. It can also be used for removing ink stains[7].
Wood - nicely veined, it takes a beautiful polish[4].
Cultivation details
Prefers a moderately heavy loam with a generous amount of compost and sand added and a very sunny position[1, 200]. Prefers a pH between 5 and 6[200]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.8 to 8.3. Plants are intolerant of water logging[3]. When growing plants in pots, a compost comprising equal quantities of loam and leafmould plus a little charcoal should produce good results[260]. Do not use manure since Citrus species dislike it[260]. When watering pot plants it is important to neither overwater or underwater since the plant will soon complain by turning yellow and dying. Water only when the compost is almost dry, but do not allow it to become completely dry[260].
Dormant plants can withstand temperatures down to about -6?c so long as this is preceded by a spell of 2 - 3 weeks of cool weather to allow the plant to acclimatize[3]. If the change from mild to cold weather is more sudden then the plant will still be in growth and will be much more susceptible to damage and can be harmed by temperatures below 0?c[3]. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender and so it is best to grow the plants in a position sheltered from the early morning sun[K]. It is best if a winter minimum of 4?c is maintained[3].
The lemon is widely grown for its edible fruit in warm temperate and tropical zones, there are many named varieties[183]. In Britain it can be grown in a pot that is placed outdoors in the summer and brought into a greenhouse for the winter[3].
By budding onto hardier species such as C. aurantium, C. ichangensis or Poncirus trifoliata, the lemon becomes more cold tolerant and its climatic range can be somewhat extended[3].
The flowers are sweetly scented[245].
Plants dislike root disturbance and so should be placed into their permanent positions when young. If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers[238].
Propagation
The seed is best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it ripe after thoroughly rinsing it[164, 200]. Sow stored seed in March in a greenhouse[3]. Germination usually takes place within 2 - 3 weeks at 13?c. Seedlings are liable to damp off so they must be watered with care and kept well ventilated. The seed is usually polyembrionic, two or more seedlings arise from each seed and they are genetically identical to the parent but they do not usually carry any virus that might be present in the parent plant[200]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least three growing seasons before trying them outdoors. Plant them out in the summer and give them some protection from the cold for their first few winters outdoors.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a frame.
Layering in October.
Scent
Leaves:
No details on scent.
Flowers: Fresh
The flowers are sweetly scented.
Cultivars
'Villa Franca'
An almost thornless plant producing medium to large fruits[260].
'Quatre Saisons' 'Eureka'
An everbearing variety, producing fruits all year round[260]. Commonly grown in Mediterranean areas[260].
'Ponderosa'
The plant has a dwarf habit but produces large fruits[260].
'Imperial'
Produces larger fruits than the species[260].