Dear All, An article that I wrote about a decade ago. Published in the current issue of Paradesh.com. Comments and suggestions for improvements are welcome. xfn sf7df08f}+ ý uf]s'n e08f/L w]/} h;f] /rgfsf k'5f/df b]vfkg]{ of] jfSof+z gf}nf] t lgZro g} 5}g t/ of] n]vsf] l;ý}df b]vfkgf{n] rflx+ kf7sju{df sf}t'xn / cfZro{ hGdfPsf] gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . d ;fg} 5ýbfb]lv g} v'a cfb/ / :g]x uy]{ of afSof+znfO{ . sf7df08f}+ d]/f] lglDt cd/fjtL g} lyof] s'g} a]nf Oxnf]s x}g k/nf]sdf dfq k'Ug ;lsg] . s'g} syf, sljtfsf] cGTodf ýxfn sf7df08f}+ý n]lvPsf] b]Vtf Tof] /rgf k|ltsf] d]/f] wf/0ff g} Psbd ablnGYof] clg n]vs d]/f] eoldl>t cfb/sf] kfq x'GYof] . sf7df08f}+ý/fhwfgLýb]jsf]6f cd/fjtL sflGtk'/L gu/L / >L kz'kltgfy . ljrf/sf] of}6f nfdf] >[◊nf tof/ x'GYof], ;kgfsf] dxn 7l8GYof] / Ps}l5g kl5 jf:tljstfsf] w/ftndf cf]n{+bf Tof] dxn w/fzfoL klg e};SYof] . o;/L afNosfndf g} sf7df08f}+;ýu d]/f] dfgl;s ?kn] ;DaGw :yfkgf e} ;s]sf] lyof] . clg To:tf] sf7df08f}df a;]/ /rgf ug]{ /rgfsf/xý dnfO{ ltlgx?sf /rgf eGbf a9L lk|o nfUy] . sf7df08f+}af;L gx'g'sf] xLgtfaf]w dleq x'ls{/x]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ k'/f0fdf aofg ul/Psf] a}s'07 eGbf ToxL sf7df08f}+ cfsif{s / /x:odo nfUYof] . cfk'mn] lrg]sf ;'g]sf JolQmxýsf] /rgfdf of] jfSof+z b]Vtf ˚nfg' t sf7df08f}+df /x]5g\ eg]/ d lktf>LnfO{ bf}l8+b} ;'gfpg] uy]{+ . PskN6sf] s'/f xf]ýPp6f klqsfdf d}n] lrg]sf Pshgfsf] sljtf b]v]+ . pgL x]6f}8f x'nfsdf sfd uy]{ . t/ ha Toxfý klg oxL jfSof+z n]lvPsf] b]v]+, d]/f] cfZro{sf] ;Ldf /x]g . ýst} sf7df08f}+ kf] ;?jf ePsf x'g\ ls <ý z+sf k|s6 ul/x]/]+ . t/ lktf>L eg] pgL x]6f}8fdf g} ePsf] s'/fdf cl8u /xg' eof] . s]xL cy{ lg:sg ;s]g . s]xL lbgkl5 tL slj;ýu d]/f] e]6 eof] clg d}n] eg]ýýsf7df08f}+ kf] ;?jf x'g' eP5 .ý pgn] d]/f] o; egfO{df cfZro{ k|s6 u/] . d}n] Tof] sljtfsf] pNn]v u/]kl5 eg] pgL d';'d';' xfý:g yfn] . ýTo;f] t tflnddf sf7df08f}+ uPsf] ly+Pý @ý# lbgsf nflu clg, ToxL a]nf sljtf lbPsf] x'ý .ý hfaf] @ý# lbgsf nflu hfýb}df ýxfn sf7df08f}+ý eg]/ n]lvxfNg' k5{ / < cfýgf] Kof/f] sf7df08f}+nfO{ Tolt ;lhn};ýu lnO{lbPsf]df xf]nf Sof/] d]/f] k|Zgdf /f]if lyof] . pgn] dnfO{ ;Dýfpg] lx;fan] eg], ýx]/\ s]6f π sf7df08f}+ eg]sf] /fhwfgL π aflx/af6 n3'k'?if oxfý cfP cf};t k'?if, cf};t k'?if oxfý cfP dxfk'?if x'G5 . JolQmTj ljsf;sf] lglDt of] eGbf cfOl8on c? s] x'G5 <ý d}n] ;f]w]+ ý s] df]km;ndf dxfk'?if x'g ;Sb}gg\ < ýsf7df08f}+b]lv aflx/ dxfk'?if x'g} ;Q}mg . dxfk'?if x'gnfO{ klxn] dxfafns x'g'k5{ . clg b]Vt}g;\ P;=Pn=;L=df af]8{ Nofpg]x? ý ;a sf7df08f}+ leqsf πý pgsf] k|To'Q/df cfqmf]zsf] 5gs lyof] . lbdfu s]xL 708f ePkl5 k'gM pgn] z'? u/]+ýýsf7df08f}+Tj eg]sf] ;flxlTos, /fhg}lts cflb ;a} If]qdf b]vf kg]{ ljz]if u'0f xf] . ;Dkfbsn] klg xfn sf7df08f}+ n]lvPsf /rgfxýnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ . o;af6 pgLxý /rgfsf] :t/Lotfdf lgz+s /xg ;S5g\ . sf7df08f}+ a:g' eg]sf] cg'ej, af}l4stf / 1fgsf] Uof/]06L lbg' xf] .ý To;a]nf oL ;a s'/fxý d}n] a'ý]+a'lý+g s]xL eGg ;lQmg t/ sf7df08f}+sf] gzfrflxý c;fWo} nfUof] . sf7df08f}+ d]/f lglDt ljz]if0f, ;+1f, lqmofkb ;a x'g nfUof] . ;dli6df sf7df08f}+ cA;];gg} eof] / k|mfo8jfb cg';f/ To;n] d]/f] cr]tg dgdf 7fpý hdfpg yfNof] . b]j>]i7 dxfb]j a:g] 7fpý, g/>]i7 g/]z a:g] 7fpý . sf7df08f}+sf] u'?tf / Ot/ sf7df08f}+sf] n3'tfdf ca eg] s'g} 7fpý /x]g z+sfsf] lglDt . t:s/ / ko{6ssf] 3'ýOrf] nfUg] 7fpý x] sf7df08f}+ π ltdLnfO{ ltd|} 6's'rfsf] u'x\o] hn c3\ý{ r9fO{lbG5' . d]/f] cfWoflTds efjgf k|fy{gf ag]/ cleAoSt x'g k'u]5 ghflg+bf] kf/fn] . t/ ha e'Qm ef]uLsf e'Qmdfgxý ;'Gb} hfg yfn]+ sf7df08f}+sf] hfb" klg 36\b} hfg yfNof] . Toxfý 9nsf] lgsf; / vfg]kfgL eGg' Pp6} /x]5 . cAoj:yf / la;ýlt la?ýsf :j/xý eýL k;ndf uP/ lanfpýbf /x]5g\ . klxn] dnfO{ nfUYof]ýkz'kltgfyn] sf7df08f}+af;Lsf] s;/L /Iff u5{g\ < pgL t kz'sf klt . af3, efn', afýb/ ufO{ýuf]? cflbsf] /Iff ug{ kf] pgn] Tof] ?k lnPsf . t/ Toxfýsf dfG5]sf] ;SsnL ?k a'ý]kl5 eg] d lglZrGt ePýýýkz'klt pgLxýs} klt x'g\ . sf]lx :jfy{jz kz' ag]/ afýlr/x]5g\, sf]lx afWotfjz kz' agfOP/ afýlr/x]5g\ .ý 3/ ˚f]x/ eof] eg] 3/ dflns ef8fdf a:g]nfO{ eG5ýýtkfO{ t ;ý'u'/ x'g' x'ýbf]/x]5ý;˚fO g} 5}g .ý kfgL cln w]/} rnfof], p;}sf] l/;fxf :j/ ;'lgG5ýýtkfO{ pým6 xf] ls Sof xf] slQ kfgL rflxof <ý dfG5]nfO{ lsg pým6 / ;'ýu'/ egL /fVof xf]nf < ýtkfO{sf] sf]7f t Pl8;gsf] k|of]uzfnf h:tf] kf] eP5, j?0fb]jsf] t eQm x'g'x'ýbf]/x]5 lgý eg]/ rflx eGg} gx'g] xf] / < cufl8 lzv08LnfO{ /fv]/ kl5af6 jf0f rnfpg] wg'w{/ ch'{g h:t} aflx/ýaflx/ kL7f] / leq rflxý kTofpg} g;lsg] dL7f] df;' /fv]/ agfOPsf] Tof] xfd|f] lxdfR5flbt lxdfn h:tf] df]df]rf vfPkl5 cyjf afO/f]8sf] af6f] h:tf] l/ýl/ýfpýbf] h]/L lhA6\ofPk5L s'/f klg To:t} ug{ ;Sg' kýýf] lg . cf};/jfbLnfO{ lsg w't{ elg/xg]ýg]tf eg] x'Gg / < g]kf]lnogsf] zAbsf]ifdf ýc;Dejý zAb lyPg eg] g}lts g]tf, wfýwnL/lxt r'gfj, cfIf]k /lxt k|ltkIfL efif0f cflb klg To;df ;dfj]z x'g ;Q}mg . t/ d]/f ;fyL efO{xýdf eg] sf7df08f}+sf] w"g e"t nfu] h:tf] Psf]xf]/f] eP/ nflu/x]s} 5 . oxýf x'ýbf cfýgf] ;fgf] ýf]nf ;d]t cf˚'n] af]Sg nfh dfGg] d]/f ulj{nf ;fyLxý cr]n lunf; kvfNg hfkfg / sf]l/of k'Ug yfn] . ý3/af/ a]r]/ eP klg hfkfg hfpmý clxn]sf] ;a}eGbf oyfy{jfbL gf/f ePsf] 5 . clg dnfO{ nfUg yfn]sf] 5 j]bfGtsf] dxfjfSo ýr/}j]lt r/}j]ltý eGbf of] ý3/} a]rL 3/} a]rLý eGg] If'b|jfSo g} ;To /x]5 . ptfaf6 ux|f}+ vNtLsf ;fy ˚Sof]{ clg sf7df08f}+df rf/ cfgf hUuf / of}6f 3/ . clg s] sf] xfn sf7df08f}+ ? To;kl5 t ;w}+nfO{ sf7df08f}+ . (s/La Ps bzs cufl8 ýau/ý ;flxlTos klqsfdf k|sflzt)