you are welcome shiv, more on lapsi here...just for your reference :-) target=_blank>http://himjsci.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=2"> target=_blank>http://himjsci.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=2 Domesticating Lapsi, Choerospondias axillaris Roxb. (B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill) for fruit production Print E-mail ARTICLES Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 55-58, 2003 Download in PDF format K. C. Poudel ABSTRACT Cherospondias axillaris is a potential agroforestry tree species for income generation and nutrient supplementation in the middle mountains of rural Nepal. The occurrence and distribution of C. axillaris (locally known as Lapsi in Nepal) has been surveyed and documented. Status of indigenous knowledge about cultivation, management and utilisation has been studied and documented; indigenous indicators for early sex determination and criteria for fruit quality assessment has been established. Based on farmers selection and fruit quality assessment, elite trees for quality fruit production has been selected and methods for their successful propagation has been developed. Lapsi was reported growing in 301 Village Development Committees of 29 hill districts. Over 40000 trees has been producing fruits and additional 500,000 new trees has been planted. Interest on lapsi cultivation and marketing is increasing. Farmers have wealth of indigenous knowledge on lapsi ecology, husbandry practices and variation in different lapsi types. This knowledge combined with scientific methods has offered better opportunities for lapsi domestication. Bud grafting, side grafting, hardwood and softwood cutting propagation were successful methods for lapsi propagation, while research in tissue culture is still underway. Bud grafting during the first three weeks in February is recommended for lower cost and effectiveness (90% success).Selected trees are recommended for mass propagation and planting for quality fruit production. Full text available in PDF format. Download ******************************************** from http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.arcs.ac.at/dissdb/rn035999&prev=/search%3Fq%3DChoerospondias%2Baxillaris%26hl%3Den%26hs%3Ddyl%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG Paudel Krishna Chandra Participatory cultivation of Choerospondias axillaris for the cultivation of fruit in the Agro forest systems of the low mountain ranges of Nepal Participatory domestication OF Choerospondias axillaris for fruit production into the middle mountain agroforestry system OF Nepal back (folder contents) Zusammenfassung German English Pagination: 187 p. Publication date: 06/2001 Language: English Affiliation: BW00220; University for soil culture Vienna; Institut for fruit and horticulture Begutachter: Pieber Karl Laimer there Camara Machado Margit Akad. Degree: Dr. nat. technical. Classification: G0630 agriculture: Generally Key words German: Cultivation; Cultivation of fruit; Low mountain range of Nepal; Choerosponidas axillaris; Tree; Nepal; Subtropics of Asia; Lapis trees; Ecology; Care; Marketing; Fruit processing; vegetative methodmethod methods; Fruit trees; Key words English: lapsi; Choerospondias axillaris; agroforestry; domestication; fruit tree; plans propagation; fruit tree; sub tropical region OF Asia; ecology; husbandry; marketing; fruit processing; participatory method; distribution study; Summary German: Choerospondias axillaris is more dioezischer and leaves more throwing off, an extensively economically used tree. C axillaris, in Nepal Lapsi, is resident in the subtropics of Asia and originally originates from Nepal. Today's occurrence and spreading, into which Nepalese ' Middle Mountains ' became documented. A distribution map of the Lapsi trees in Nepal is introduced. The present conditions of the knowledge to ecology, care, marketing and fruit processing were collected, examined and evaluated. The best single trees were determined and selected, as well as tested vegetative methodmethod methods. For the further Domestikation that Nepalese Lapsi trees showed up the selected method in this work than time and cost effectively to guarantee-carry the goal out a contribution for the further spreading high-quality ' Agroforestry systems ' too. An overview of the treatment and marketing of the Lapsifruechte was compiled and presented here. The main manufacturing area in addition, processing centers were determined, existing Limitationen was analyzed and worked on proposals for solution for further intensification of production and processing. The indigene know-how of the farmers concerning characteristics in the mixed tree vegetable growing (Agroforestry), as in former times as possible determination of the sex, and fruit characteristics were raised, methodically secured and are reproducible. The morphologic and physiological differences between male and female trees was partly raised, was partly examined and for its validity examined and as potential markers for as early a sex regulation as possible suggested. The results of the evaluation and the selections, the rank lining of the most suitable Genotypen due to the criterion complexes: Expert's assessment of the Nepalese farmers, measurement of important attributes of the fruit quality, usual selection criteria in the fruit breeding is presented. Three important objectives for the quality improvement could be developed: (1) higher one and lower fruit meat content/fruit, (2) sour and sweet taste and (3) large and small fruits. Sweet, large and fleshy fruits are preferred by the consumers and farmers of Nepal. Therefore 21 Genotypen with high portion of fruchtfleisch, 23 Genotypen with large and sweet fruit and 25 types with sweet and fleshy fruits were selected. The selection took place on basis of the evaluation of several factors. The selected types became secured and to be available for the further zuechterische treatment and mass massenvermehrung. The possibilities of vegetative vermehrung were tested by means of (1) chip budding, (2) lateral okulation, (3) hard and weiche/krautige stecklinge, (4) gewebekultur. Chip Budding was with 87-92 % success rate most suitably, if she took place in the first three February weeks (at male and female plants different age and origin). In addition it led to a coming prematurely in the fruit yield, already into next two years began the Fruchten. Bewurzelung took place also with soft stecklingen obtained (39 %; putting substrate pearlite/peat). The young plants were dipped 5 seconds into 4000 ppm IBA solution. They were brought thereafter in a modified spray spruehnebelvermehrung to the Bewurzelung. Bewurzelung took place also at putting woods, if with serum DIX B3 one treated before. These were into the third Jaennerwoche into sand/soil/compost mixture. Success was larger in the glasshouse and in peat/pearlite. Refinement of males and female on older being subject trees of different sex were likewise successful. The in-vitro-in-vitro-Vermehrung took place on the basis of axillaeren buds. In 15 % Danclor was sterilized + Tween Detergens. The cultures could be established in DKV medium with 1mg/l BAP, 2mg/l BAP+0,2 mg/l NAA, 4mg/l BAP+0,2 mg/l NAA. The vermehrung of the regenerated young seedlings is at present under way. Summary English: Choerospondias axillaris is A large deciduous and dioecious fruit tree OF the sub tropical region OF Asia, native ton Nepal. The occurrence and distribution OF C axillaris (locally known as lapsi) in Nepal has been surveyed and documented. The current status OF indigenous knowledge about ecology, husbandry, marketing and fruit processing OF lapsi has been collected, evaluated and documented. Superior of trees for the middle hills OF Nepal have been identified, evaluated and selected, and their conservation has been initiated and in addition, vegetative methods for the propagation OF selected trees have been developed. The participatory method used into the distribution study which found tons A time and cost effective way OF preparing inventory about high VALUE agroforestry tree species and for eat-sing on their domestication potential. A distribution map OF C axillaris for Nepal has been produced. On overview OF the marketing and processing OF lapsi fruits in Nepal is presented, major lapsi production, processing and marketing AREAS and the Main limitations tons expanding lapsi cultivation have been identified and, means OF improvements acres suggested. Farmers ' ecological understanding about natural variation, tree crop interaction, agroforestry attribute and early sex determination which investigated, examined and found tons explainable. Farmers of ' indicator for identification and categorization OF lapsi into different type in relation ton fruit quality could used as tools for selecting superior genotypes. Several morphological and physiological differences between the female and paints lapsi trees were identified. They could verified and used as potential sex marker for early sex determination. Results OF selection and evaluation OF superior genotypes using farmers ' quality criteria, and expert criteria for tree selection, and preference ranking and laboratory analysis for fruit quality assessment has been presented. Three major concepts on superiority OF lapsi have emerged: the high and low pulp content, sweet and sour gropes, and large and more smaller fruits. Farmers, processors, and fresh fruit consumers preferred the sweet, large and pulpy fruits. A set each OF large and pulpy lapsi (21), large and sweet lapsi (23) and sweet and pulpy lapsi (25) has been selected using multi trait assessment and recommended for measured propagation and breeding. The possibility OF vegetative propagation OF selected trees which studied using chip budding, side grafting, hardwood and softwood cuttings and tissue culture techniques. The chip budding method has been identified as to appropriate method (87-92 % success), when carried out during the roofridge three weeks and female in February for propagating selected paint lapsi trees OF different age and origin, and thus for getting more earlier fruiting. Bud grafted trees started fruiting within two years. Successful rooting OF lapsi softwood cuttings which achieved (39 %) in A locally developed high humidity propagation environment using A of pearlites medium, when juvenile cuttings prepared from grafted trees were dipped for 5 seconds into 4000ppm OF IBA solution. Rooting which thus obtained from hardwood cuttings when they were treated with serum DIX B3 and planted into the third week OF January in A sand:soil:compost mixture. Rooting which better more under glasshouse condition using peat:perlite media than in open air nursery conditions. Initially attempts ton onto established paints trees and of trees OF graft unknown sex using budding methods were successful. In vitro propagation OF lapsi using axillary buds from selected trees has been initiated and effective sterilization which achieved by using A combi nation OF 15 % Danclor + 2 drops OF Tween wetting agent, after explants were washed for 5-10 minutes in running more water. Axenic cultures were successfully established in DKV medium supplemented with 1mg/l OF BAP, 2mg/l OF BAP +0.2mg/l OF NAA, or 4mg/l OF BAP +0.2mg/l OF NAA. Multiplication OF shoots more under different environmental conditions is underway and the research is continued. Availability: University library of the university for soil culture Vienna, Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Signature: D-10253